گردآورنده :
محمد قاسمي
تاريخ انتشار :
12 / 09 / 1387
دوازدهمين فهرست و چكيده ي شماري از مقالات مندرج در وب سايتهاي معتبر رشته علوم ارتباطات و روزنامه نگاري در دوره زماني اكتبر-دسامبر 2008 منتشر شد.
هدف از گردآوري اين مجموعه آشنايي بيشتر كاربران و دانش پژوهان با بخشي از آخرين مقالات درحوزه علوم ارتباطات و روزنامه نگاري است.
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الف. فهرست مقالات مرتبط با ارتباطات
ب - فهرست مقالات مرتبط با مطبوعات وروزنامه نگاري
پ- فهرست مقالات مرتبط با راديو و تلويزيون
ث- فهرست مقالات مرتبط با رسانه هاي جمعي
ث - فهرست مقالات مرتبط با تحليل گفتمان
گفتني است كه متن اصلي مقاله "تحليل گفتمان سر مقاله هاي روزنامه هاي برجسته آمريكا در باره برنامه هسته اي ايران" كه در هفتاد و سومين شماره فصلنامه رسانه (سال نوزدهم , شماره1 ,بهار 1387 ), درج گرديده است ضميمه مي باشد.
شايان ذكر است كه متن كامل مقاله هاي ذيل كه در بولتن شماره يازدهم به صورت خلاصه درج شده بود , در اين شماره به طور كامل آمده است:
1-Former Yugoslavia On the World Wide Web
2-The CNN of the Arab World or a Shill for Terrorists?
3-Post-Soviet Perspective On Censorship and Freedom of the Media
4-Framing the Anti-War Protests in the Global Village
5-The Death of Cultural Imperialism — and Power Too?
6-Understanding the Press Imaging of `Terrorist'
7-Turf wars?: Rhetorical struggle over `prepared' letters to the editor
8-Imagining Turkey: British press coverage of Turkey's bid for accession to the European Union in 2004
9-Journalism ethics and the emerging new media culture of radio talk shows and public debates (Ekimeeza) in Uganda
10-U.S. press: bright new dawn
11-Challenges of Multimedia Self-Presentation: Taking, and Mistaking, the Show on the Road
پيشنهادهاي شما گراميان ميتواند در ارايه مفيدتر مطالب شمارههاي آتي, ما را ياري رساند.
توجه: تعداد 33 مقاله با فرمت PDF در انتهاي همين صفحه آماده دريافت است
فهرست مقالات مرتبط با ارتباطات
1-Validation and Application of Electronic Propinquity Theory to Computer-Mediated Communication in Groups
Joseph B. Walther
Michigan State University
Natalya N. Bazarova
Cornell University
Communication Research
October 2008, Volume 35, No. 5
http://crx.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/35/5/622
This research presents an experiment based on the theory of electronic propinquity, testing how the presence of alternate communication media, media bandwidth, information complexity, and users' communication skills affect propinquity (the psychological feeling of nearness) and satisfaction that communicators experience using different communication channels. Groups communicated using one or two of several different channels, including face-to-face, desktop video, audio, and text-based chat, with channel differences between members in some groups. Predicted effects of bandwidth, information complexity, communication skills, and comparative media availability on propinquity and satisfaction were observed. These findings demonstrate a confound in previous research on propinquity theory, suggest newfound validity, and extend the model to interactive computer-mediated communication channels unanticipated by the original theory. Implications include the potential of electronic propinquity to account for discrepancies in the research on computer-mediated communication that have been generated by other theories.
Key Words: computer-mediated communication • interactive communication technology • electronic propinquity • group communication • teleconferencing
2- When Are Strong Arguments Stronger Than Weak Arguments?
Deindividuation Effects on Message Elaboration in Computer-Mediated Communication
Eun-Ju Lee
Seoul National University
Communication Research
October 2008, Volume 35, No. 5
http://crx.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/35/5/646
The present experiment examined how the lack of individuating information affects message elaboration and conformity to group norms in text-based computer-mediated communication. Participants made decisions about choice dilemma scenarios and exchanged their arguments with three ostensible partners via computer. Consistent with the social identity model of deindividuation effects, those who had exchanged personal profiles with their partners prior to the discussion were better able to differentiate between strong and weak arguments and were more likely to make conformity decisions based on the message content than those who had not. On the other hand, those who had no identity cues were more likely to factor in group identification for their conformity decisions. Results suggest that less systematic message processing and greater reliance on normative considerations account for how deindividuation moderates the effects of argument strength on group conformity.
Key Words: argument strength • computer-mediated communication (CMC) • multiple-source effect • social identity model of deindividuation effects (SIDE)
3-Conceptualizing personal media
Marika Lüders
SINTEF IKT, Fobkningsveien 1, 0373 Oslo, Norway, marika.luders@sintef.no
New Media & Society
October 2008, Volume 10, No. 5
http://nms.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/10/5/683
The digitalization and personal use of media technologies have destabilized the traditional dichotomization between mass communication and interpersonal communication, and therefore between mass media and personal media (e.g. mobile phones, email, instant messenger, blogs and photo-sharing services). As private individuals use media technologies to create and share personal expressions through digital networks, previous characteristics of mass media as providers of generally accessible information are no longer accurate. This article may be situated within a medium-theoretical tradition, as it elucidates technical and social dimensions of personal media and revises the distinction between mass media and personal media. A two-dimensional model suggests locating personal media and mass media according to an interactional axis and an institutional/professional axis: personal media are de-institutionalized/de-professionalized and facilitate mediated interaction. The implementation of digital media technologies has important consequences for social networks and fits well within a theoretical discussion of the post-traditional self.
Key Words: CMC • communication theory • convergence • medium-theory • multimodality • personal media • social technologies
4-A Discourse Analysis of Elite American Newspaper Editorials: The Case of Iran’s Nuclear Program
Foad Izadi
Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, fizadi1@lsu.edu
Hakimeh Saghaye-Biria
Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge
Journal of Communication Inquiry
April 2007, Volume 31, No. 2
http://jci.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/31/2/140
This study employs Said’s concept of Orientalism and van Dijk’s concept of the ideological square to analyze three elite American newspapers’ editorial coverage of Iran’s nuclear program. A critical discourse analysis of The New York Times, The Washington Post, and The Wall Street Journal editorials from 1984 to 2004 identified six Orientalist themes. The study finds that The Wall Street Journal and The Washington Post more predominantly drew on Orientalist arguments than did The New York Times.
Key Words: Orientalism • Iran • Middle East • Islam • discourse • newspaper editorials
فهرست مقالات مرتبط با مطبوعات وروزنامه نگاري
1-Othering through genderization in the regional press
Constructing brutal others out of immigrants in rural Sweden
Torun Elsrud
Kalmar University College and Fokus Research & Development Centre, torun.elsrud@hik.se
European Journal of Cultural Studies
November 2008, Volume 11, No. 4
http://ecs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/11/4/423
By far, most of the research into processes of discrimination and ethnification in Sweden considers urban settings. This article focuses on how the regional press in a rural area of south-east Sweden represents immigrants in a residential area in the outskirts of the Kalmar township. It points at the urgent need for researchers and decision-makers to take into account both subtle and palpable stigmatizing processes that meet immigrants who reside the countryside. An analysis of two local newspapers shows a continuous construction of `otherness' through pictures and texts, in which the identities of minority ethnic groups are stereotyped and subverted. One of the most persistent themes in this work of representation is the brutalization of the masculinity of `others', stressed even further by a `traditionalization' and feminization of a weak, caring female other. Both these gendered images serve a higher purpose, that of maintaining a positive image of a taken-for-granted Swedishness.
Key Words: ethnification • femininity • genderization • masculinity • othering • regional press • representation • Swedishness
2-Picturing the Iraq War
Constructing the Image of War in the British and US Press
Shahira Fahmy
The University of Arizona, Department of Journalism, 845N. Park Avenue, Marshall Building 325, P.O. Box 210158B, Tucson, AZ 85721-0158, USA, sfahmy@email.arizona.edu
Daekyung Kim
Idaho State University, James E. Rogers Department of Mass Communication, 921 South 8th Avenue, Stop 8242, Pocatello, Idaho 83209-8242, USA, daekyung1225@yahoo.com
International Communication Gazette
December 2008, Volume 70, No. 6
http://gaz.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/70/6/443
This study reports the findings of a visual content analysis of 1305 Iraq War-related photographs appearing in the US press, represented by The New York Times, and the British press, represented by The Guardian . Overall, the two newspapers visually portrayed the Iraq War differently. Further, the more spontaneous or direct coverage of actually ongoing events were rare at best, and were exclusively found in photographs that ran in The Guardian. One aspect of the pictorial coverage, however, seems unprecedented: the emphasis on the human cost of the war focusing on Iraqi civilians. Moreover, images of loss of military life were scarce but still available.
Key Words: British press • framing • Iraq War • photojournalism • US press • visual reporting • war coverage
3-Examining Peace-Oriented Media in Areas of Violent Conflict
Vladimir Bratic
Pleasants Hall, 8015 Quadrangle Lane, Hollins University, Roanoke, Virginia 24020, US, vbratic@hollins.edu
International Communication Gazette
December 2008, Volume 70, No. 6
http://gaz.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/70/6/487
While the relationship between war and media is examined in literature, the cases of the positive use of mass communication channels in the reconciliation of post-conflict societies are virtually unknown. The goal of this study is to respond to the gap in literature by examining theoretical evidence and practical case studies describing media promotion of peace across the world. As a result, a total of 40 media projects in 18 countries are documented and two case studies are examined in detail. Initial lessons from the practical projects in conjunction with historical developments of media in wars suggest that the current practice would benefit from: integration of all available media channels and practices, incorporation of media into other social institutions and processes and regulation of hate media as well as production of peace-oriented media.
Key Words: communication • conflict • Ijambo • journalism • media • peace • propaganda • war
4-Journalistic Self-Regulation in Australia
Is it Ready for the Information Society?
Rhonda A. Breit
School of Journalism and Communication, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072 Australia, r.breit@uq.edu.au
International Communication Gazette
December 2008, Volume 70, No. 6
http://gaz.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/70/6/505
This article examines the system of journalistic accountability in Australia, evaluating its capacity to promote `the highest ethical and professional standards' seen as fundamental to achieving the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) vision for an inclusive information society. First, it outlines the approach to media and journalistic accountability adopted in Australia. It then analyses a representative sample of journalism codes of ethics and codes of practice, classifying them according to their approaches to self-regulation, the key characteristics of the codes and the approaches to dispute resolution adopted. The findings of this analysis are then compared with best practice in self-regulation criteria distilled from the Taskforce on Industry Self-Regulation to identify potential problems with the current scheme of journalistic self-regulation. These criteria are then critiqued, identifying a range of problems in relation to the scheme's capacity to promote information society objectives as articulated by the WSIS in relation to the role of traditional and new media.
Key Words: Australia • governance • journalism • knowledge society • self-regulation • WSIS
5-Journalists and the information-attention markets
Towards an economic theory of journalism
Susanne Fengler
TU Dortmund University, Germany, susanne.fengler@udo.edu
Stephan Ruß-Mohl
Università della Svizzera italiana, Switzerland, russmohs@lu.unisi.ch
Journalism
December 2008, Volume 9, No. 6
http://jou.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/9/6/667
In this article we suggest economic theory (specifically rational choice theory) as a promising approach to analyze the dramatic changes journalism is currently going through. Referring to the model of the 'homo economicus maturus' as well as to previous research by a small but growing number of scholars of mass communication, we describe journalists as rational actors seeking to maximize materialistic and non-materialistic rewards (e.g. attention, reputation, fringe benefits). We explain why, how and under what kind of restrictions journalists trade information for attention with their sources, calculating risks and benefits. Further, we apply economic concepts (free-riding, external effects, and principal-agent theory) to journalism to provide more in-depth explanations for specific developments in journalism such as 'pack reporting'. We conclude that assuming self-interested behaviour of media professionals will enable scholars of journalism to identify and predict more systematically the failures of journalism and blind spots of media coverage.
Key Words: economic theory • journalism • journalists • PR • rational choice
6-Why they wouldn't cite from sites
A study of journalists' perceptions of social movement web sites and the impact on their coverage of social protest
Sonora Jha
Seattle University, USA, sonora@seattle.edu
Journalism
December 2008, Volume 9, No. 6
http://jou.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/9/6/711
This study uses qualitative in-depth interviews to examine journalists' attitudes and decisions about social protest coverage in the wake of (a) journalists' own use of the internet and (b) the use of the internet by social movement organizations. Interviews were conducted with journalists who covered protests that formed part of the movement for democratic globalization in US cities and in Canada during 1999 and 2000. Although regarded as major success stories for the role of the internet in political communication, mobilization over the web seems to have had little impact on journalists. The in-depth interviews revealed skepticism, not early adoption, of web resources in the coverage of these protests. This study provides an exploratory model for the sustained study of journalists' internet use and their attitudes toward social movements and protest as the internet age evolves.
Key Words: anti-globalization coverage • framing • internet use • media disposition • sourcing • WTO protest coverage
7-Journalism, education and the formation of 'public subjects'
David Nolan
University of Melbourne, Australia, d.nolan@unimelb.edu.au
Journalism
December 2008, Volume 9, No. 6
http://jou.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/9/6/733
In debates surrounding the role of universities in teaching journalism, a range of critical voices have stressed the importance of moving beyond the limiting frame of an assumed 'industry—academic dichotomy', while some also point to the structural forces that underpin the persistence of this frame. A consideration of such factors suggests that, while this critical move may be laudable, enacting such a shift in practice is likely to require more than simply good intentions or critical moralism. To this end, this article argues for an approach that considers how both educational and media institutions may be defined as key sites in the production of both journalists and audiences as 'public subjects'. Such a framework, it is argued, supports a more critical analysis of the role played by industry, practitioners and universities as active stakeholders in formations of journalistic professionalism, and the manner each are being impacted by trends toward 'professionalization'.
Key Words: identity formation • journalism education • professionalism professional education • public knowledge • subjectivity
8-Muzzling the watchdog
The case of disappearing watchdog journalism from Argentine mainstream news
Juliet Pinto
Florida International University, USA, Juliet.Pinto@fiu.edu
Journalism
December 2008, Volume 9, No. 6
http://jou.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/9/6/750
What silences an emergent watchdog press, even after that press has overcome great adversity to bring a form of journalism to mainstream news supporting democratization and social justice? Argentina presents an interesting case study in terms of changes in watchdog performance in a democratic and market-oriented context. A content analysis of three major Argentine news outlets from 1985 to 2005 first demonstrates that observable changes have taken place in mainstream watchdog reporting. Then, from interviews with journalists, media managers and media analysts, results indicate perceptions that public opinion shifts, media economy fluctuations, organizational strategies and government media relations facilitated or hindered the free practice of watchdog journalism in mainstream media. These findings illustrate the effects of forces working at the institutional and individual level that influence media performance, rather than simply at the environmental. Rather than a paradox, the Argentine case has implications for press freedom in other democracies.
Key Words: Argentina • Latin America • media systems • institutional analysis • watchdog journalism
9-Journalistic objectivity redefined? Wikinews and the neutral point of view
Einar Thorsen
University of Teesside, UK, e.thorsen@tees.ac.uk
New Media & Society
December 2008, Volume 10, No. 6
http://nms.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/10/6/935
Wikinews is a news website which allows anyone with internet access to publish and edit journalistic content directly on its site without prior authorization or registration. This article examines the way in which Wikinews contributors negotiate its 'neutral point of view' policy, which differs from the traditional sense of journalistic objectivity in the way that it is both defined and implemented. The study encompasses a detailed review of 2332 news articles and their associated 'talk pages', published in the period from November 2004 to July 2005. Close textual analysis is used to conduct a qualitative study of a selection of these Wikinews articles, their documented editorial history and referenced sources, so as to offer a thorough critique of the 'neutral point of view' policy, as assessment is made of the importance of the Wikinews model for online journalism more widely.
Key Words: citizen journalism • collaboration • dialogic interaction • neutrality • objectivity • online journalism • Wikinews
فهرست مقالات مرتبط با راديو و تلويزيون
1-Targeting, Television and Networking
An Interview with Samuel Weber
Patrick Crogan
University of the West of England, UK, Patrick.Crogan@uwe.ac.uk
Convergence:
The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies
November 2008, Volume 14, No. 4
http://con.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/14/4/375
In this interview, Samuel Weber discusses two recent books that explore issues of contemporary media and politics, Targets of Opportunity and Theatricality as Medium. Targeting is identified as a modality of conceiving the world that is as old as western thought but which assumes an increasingly pervasive character in the contemporary globalizing political and technocultural milieu. Mainstream and emerging representational and communications media are considered in this perspective for both their tendency to proliferate target thinking (Broadcast TV news, military management of the Gulf War campaign) and their potential to open other modes of being engaged. The predominant forms and ideas of the network (the internet, gamer networks, creative networks) are examined as particular kinds of 7-7-intersubjectivity.
Key Words: mediation • network • subjectivity • target • television • terror
فهرست مقالات مرتبط با رسانه هاي جمعي
1-Digital Inequality
Differences in Young Adults' Use of the Internet
Eszter Hargittai
Northwestern University
Amanda Hinnant
University of Missouri
Communication Research
October 2008, Volume 35, No. 5
http://crx.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/35/5/602
This article expands understanding of the digital divide to more nuanced measures of use by examining differences in young adults' online activities. Young adults are the most highly connected age group, but that does not mean that their Internet uses are homogenous. Analyzing data about the Web uses of 270 adults from across the United States, the article explores the differences in 18- to 26-year-olds' online activities and what social factors explain the variation. Findings suggest that those with higher levels of education and of a more resource-rich background use the Web for more "capitalenhancing" activities. Detailed analyses of user attributes also reveal that online skill is an important mediating factor in the types of activities people pursue online. The authors discuss the implications of these findings for a "second-level digital divide," that is, differences among the population of young adult Internet users.
Key Words: skill • self-perceived knowledge • Internet • Web use • online behavior • young adults • digital divide
2-New Media, Networking and Phatic Culture
Vincent Miller
University of Kent at Canterbury, UK, v.miller@kent.ac.uk
Convergence:
The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies
November 2008, Volume 14, No. 4
http://con.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/14/4/387
This article will demonstrate how the notion of 'phatic communion' has become an increasingly significant part of digital media culture alongside the rise of online networking practices. Through a consideration of the new media objects of blogs, social networking profiles and microblogs, along with their associated practices, I will argue, that the social contexts of 'individualization' and 'network sociality', alongside the technological developments associated with pervasive communication and 'connected presence' has led to an online media culture increasingly dominated by phatic communications. That is, communications which have purely social (networking) and not informational or dialogic intents. I conclude with a discussion of the potential nihilistic consequences of such a culture.
Key Words: blogging • database culture • microblogging • network sociality • phatic • post-social • social networking
3-Community Informatics, Local Community and Conflict
Investigating Under-Researched Elements of a Developing Field of Study1
Ian Goodwin
Massey University, New Zealand, I.Goodwin@massey.ac.nz
Convergence:
The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies
November 2008, Volume 14, No. 4
http://con.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/14/4/419
Conflict within local communities is an under-researched theme in Community Informatics (CI). This article therefore aims to contribute to the development of CI as a field of study by analysing forms of internal conflict within Moseley Egroup — a CI initiative developed in Moseley, Birmingham (UK). Ultimately it is argued that conflict is an inherent part of local community and is important to CI for a number of reasons. Conflict impacts on the appropriation and social shaping of internet technology by local communities, and has broader implications on the extent to which CI regenerates localities and empowers citizens. In this sense conflict is identified as a productive force, shaping and reshaping both local community and internet projects mobilized in its name. Conflict also draws attention to the contested and mutable relationship that exists in CI between the online spaces that are created and the localities they are set up to serve. It is concluded that conflict and forms of social struggle within communities should form a central part of the developing CI research agenda.
Key Words: community informatics • conflict • internet • local community • locality • online space
4-Convergence Calls
Multimedia Storytelling at British News Websites
Neil Thurman
City University, London, UK, neilt@soi.city.ac.uk
Ben Lupton
City University, London, UK, benlupton@hotmail.com
Convergence:
The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies
November 2008, Volume 14, No. 4
http://con.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/14/4/439
This article uses qualitative interviews with senior editors and managers from a selection of the UK's national online news providers to describe and analyse their current experimentation with multimedia and video storytelling. The results show that, in a period of declining newspaper readership and TV news viewing, editors are keen to embrace new technologies, which are seen as being part of the future of news. At the same time, text is still reported to be the cornerstone for news websites, leading to changes in the grammar and function of news video when used online. The economic rationale for convergence is examined and the article investigates the partnerships sites have entered into in order to be able to serve their audience with video content. In-house video is complementing syndicated content, and the authors examine the resulting developments in newsroom training and recruitment practices. The article provides journalism and interactive media scholars with case studies on the changes taking place in newsrooms as a result of the shift towards multimedia, multiplatform news consumption.
Key Words: British news websites • convergence • multimedia • news video • online journalism • podcasting
5-Using Blogs to Create Cybernetic Space
Examples from People of Indian Origin
Ananda Mitra
Wake Forest University, USA, ananda@wfu.edu
Convergence:
The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies
November 2008, Volume 14, No. 4
http://con.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/14/4/457
This article examines the phenomenon of blogging as a way to create a cybernetic space that is defined by the digital/virtual space of the blog discourse and the real space where the blogger is located. By examining several blogs it is argued that for people who have to move from place to place and undergo the diasporic experience, the anxieties of movement and placelessness produced by diaspora can be partly managed by entry into the cybernetic space produced by bloggers. Specifically, this article examines blogs maintained by people of Indian origin who produce a sense of spatial identity through their blogs.
Key Words: blogs • cybernetic space • diaspora • India
6-National media events
From displays of unity to enactments of division
Sabina Mihelj
Loughborough University, S.Mihelj@lboro.ac.uk
European Journal of Cultural Studies
November 2008, Volume 11, No. 4
http://ecs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/11/4/471
Despite the conspicuous presence of nationhood and nationalism in existing studies of media events and rituals, explicit conceptualizations of the link between these media phenomena and nationhood remain scarce. Drawing on existing literature and research on the topic, this article proposes to shift attention away from ceremonial occasions primarily aimed at celebrating national unity, towards the more distressing events and mobilization marathons enacting partition and instituting divisions among nations, ethnicities, cultures, races or religions. It provides a series of propositions regarding the involvement of media events in the transformation of audiences into nations, and discusses two categories of media rituals that are linked closely to contemporary forms of national mobilization: rituals of partition and mobilization marathons. Given the disentanglement of nations and states and the multi-ethnic nature of modern states and media spaces, such media occasions ought to receive more sustained attention in the future.
Key Words: identity • media events • media rituals • nation • national mobilization
7-Post-Soviet Perspective On Censorship and Freedom of the Media
An Overview
Andrei Richter
Faculty of Journalism, Moscow State University, 9 Mokhovaya ul. (9 Mokhovaya Str.), Moscow, 125009, Russia, richter@medialaw.ru
International Communication Gazette
October 2008, Volume 70, No. 5
http://gaz.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/70/5/307
/ This article provides an overview of how journalists and the media in the post-Soviet countries are regulated by law, and of how in the sociopolitical structure of a law-based state their work can be optimized to become a foundation for public accord and stability. The author sees the legal conditions for a free press in the development of mechanisms of journalists' access to information, in the creation of public broadcasting, in the access of political opposition to the public (or state) media, in the denationalization of mass media outlets, etc. Limitations under the pretext of informational sovereignty or the fight against terrorism and political extremism should not undermine ideological and political plurality in the media and society. The article concludes with a comparison of the level of press freedom between all 15 post-Soviet states.
Key Words: CIS • freedom of mass information • media law • media policy • post-Soviet media • Russia
8-The CNN of the Arab World or a Shill for Terrorists?
How Support for Press Freedom and Political Ideology Predict Credibility of Al-Jazeera among its Audience
Thomas J. Johnson
College of Mass Communications, Texas Tech University, Box 43082, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA, t.johnson@ttu.edu
Shahira Fahmy
Department of Journalism, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA, sfahmy@email.arizona.edu
International Communication Gazette
October 2008, Volume 70, No. 5
http://gaz.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/70/5/338
/ This study surveyed Al-Jazeera viewers through a survey posted on the network's Arabic-language website to examine how credible Al-Jazeera viewers judge the network. Not surprisingly, Al-Jazeera viewers rated the network as highly credible on all measures. They rated CNN and BBC high on expertise, but ranked them low on trustworthiness. Consequently, BBC and CNN were also rated low on other credibility measures. Local Arab media were judged lowest on all credibility measures. Those who were younger and who relied heavily on Al-Jazeera were more likely to judge the network as credible.
Key Words: Al-Jazeera • credibility • local Arab media • political ideology • press freedom
9-Information Operations `Blowback'
Communication, Propaganda and Surveillance in the Global War on Terrorism
Dwayne Winseck
School of Journalism and Communication, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1S 5B6, dwayne_winseck@carleton.ca
International Communication Gazette
December 2008, Volume 70, No. 6
http://gaz.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/70/6/419
The US's adoption of the broad doctrine of `information operations' (IO) in 2003 put information and media strategies on a par with conventional means of military power and made them pivotal to achieving `full-spectrum dominance'. This article focuses on the role of IO in shaping the global media ecology and in the battle for hearts and minds, especially in Muslim-majority countries. However, the author also argues that the impact of such operations at home may be their most important legacy. IO `blowback' occurs as surveillance and propaganda campaigns targeting foreign audiences spill back into the US because of the nature of the global media and information flows. The all-encompassing doctrine also blurs the boundaries between `normal' media spin and public affairs, on the one hand, and propaganda and covert media operations, on the other. The convergence of commercial media and the military and government in such operations is also yielding what some call the military—information—media—entertainment (MIME) complex. Lastly, the US military's heavy reliance on the Internet and other public communication networks means that cyberspace is being retooled to meet national security, surveillance, propaganda and cyberwarfare needs.
Key Words: information warfare • military—information—media—entertainment (MIME) complex • networks • propaganda • surveillance
10-News Coverage of 9/11 and the Demise of the Media Flows, Globalization and Localization Hypotheses
Cristina Archetti
School of English, Sociology, Politics and Contemporary History (ESPaCH), University of Salford, Crescent House, Salford, Manchester, M5 4W, UK, c.archetti@salford.ac.uk
International Communication Gazette
December 2008, Volume 70, No. 6
http://gaz.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/70/6/463
An international comparative study of the elite press framing of 9/11 in the US, Italy, France and Pakistan reveals that there is little empirical backing for the claims of three core strands of research about news exchanges within the field of international communications. The findings of the empirical investigation neither support the existence of international news flows, nor the idea that news is becoming homogenized on a global scale. The analysis does not suggest a localization of news at a national level either. News coverage, instead, appears to be markedly different at the level of the single newspaper and this can be explained through different variables than the international macro-processes addressed by news studies within the field. The analysis fundamentally suggests that, if research within international communications wants to explain news in the information age, it needs to broaden its horizons and to adopt a multidisciplinary perspective that includes both the analysis of national political processes and a deeper understanding of the dynamics of news production in each single media organization.
Key Words: 9/11 • elite press • framing • globalization • localization • media • media flows • news • news sociology • political communications
11-Trends in International Internet Defamation Suits
Targeting a Solution?
Adedayo Ladigbolu Abah
Department of Journalism and Mass Communications, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, VA 24450, USA, Abahd@wlu.edu
International Communication Gazette
December 2008, Volume 70, No. 6
http://gaz.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/70/6/529
Emerging trends in international Internet defamation suits from the US, Canada, Australia and the UK, and international efforts in the European Union, American Law Institute, International Bar Association and the Hague Convention to harmonize the laws in international Internet defamation are evaluated to see emerging areas of commonality that might be useful in harmonizing the laws in the phenomenon of global Internet defamation liability. This study proposes the utilization of existing commonalities in laws, as well as emerging standards from the efforts to harmonize laws by the EU and current international judicial dispositions, as parameters for an international agreement on Internet torts.
Key Words: international online libel • Internet liability • Internet libel • Internet publication • mass communication and law • media law • online defamation
12-Polarized Pluralist and Democratic Corporatist Models
A Comparison of Election News Coverage in Spain and Sweden
Jesper Strömbäck
Mid Sweden University, 851 70 Sundsvall, Sweden, jesper. stromback@miun.se
Óscar G. Luengo
UGR, Rector López Argüeta, s/n, 18001, Granada, Spain, ogluengo@ugr.es
International Communication Gazette
December 2008, Volume 70, No. 6
http://gaz.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/70/6/547
Even though the news coverage of election campaigns is important and has been at the centre of political communication research for a long time, there is still a lack of comparative studies in this area. Thus, the purpose of this study is to investigate the election news coverage in Spain and Sweden. Theoretically, the study draws primarily on the concept and theory of framing and structural bias. The empirical method used is quantitative content analysis of the election news coverage in three newspapers in each country. The time period includes the three weeks prior to the Swedish national election in 2002 and the Spanish national election in 2004.
Key Words: election news coverage • framing • media systems • political systems • Spain • structural bias • Sweden
13-Discrete, Sequential, and Follow-Up Use of Information and Communication Technology by Experienced ICT Users
Keri K. Stephens
University of Texas at Austin, keristephens@mail.utexas.edu
Jan Oddvar Sørnes
Bodø Graduate School of Business
Ronald E. Rice
University of California, Santa Barbara
Larry D. Browning
University of Texas at Austin
Alf Steiner Sætre
Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Management Communication Quarterly
November 2008, Volume 22, No. 2
http://mcq.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/22/2/197
Most prior media use research has assumed that people use information and communication technologies (ICTs) independently of other ICTs, that is, as discrete media. This study uses cross-organizational, in-depth interview data to uncover the important role that ICT sequences play in persuasion, information exchange, and documentation. The primary occasions for sequential ICT use were (a) preparing for meetings, (b) performing daily tasks, and (c) following up to persuade. When people need to follow up initial communication episodes, the overall groupings of ICTs represent two underlying attributes: degree of connection with others and extent of synchroneity. These findings support an expanded perspective on media richness theory and information theory by illustrating that ICT sequences can expand cues and channels and provide error-reducing redundancy for equivocal and uncertain tasks.
Key Words: media choice • ICT use • media richness • persuasion • multiple media use
14-COMMUNEcating in the Spaces In-Between
Creating New Understandings of Organizing and Communicative Practice Around the Globe
Natalie Nelson-Marsh
Boise State University
Kirsten J. Broadfoot
Colorado State University
Debashish Munshi
University of Waikato
Management Communication Quarterly
November 2008, Volume 22, No. 2
http://mcq.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/22/2/313
This essay describes the authors' efforts to engage disciplinary calls for greater diversity through the construction of an international online community and conference, COMMUNEcation. They describe the commitments and goals of the community and conference, the construction of the COMMUNEcating space, and their encounters with disciplinary, geographically, and linguistically diverse scholars in their mutual exploration of global and organizing practices in their local contexts. The conference contributions and conversations prompted the authors to ask three salient questions around scholarly understandings of the Other and Othering practices of organizing and communicating across the globe—Where is the Other? Who is the Other? and What is the Other? The second half of the essay discusses these questions in detail and concludes with the authors' reflections on creating "spaces inbetween" through technology and an introduction to the multiauthored collaborative essay and conference product from the Scholars of the COMMUNEcation Network that follows.
Key Words: organizing • communicating • global contexts • online community • diversity • COMMUNEcation
15-"The WarGames Scenario"
Regulating Teenagers and Teenaged Technology (1980—1984)
Stephanie Ricker Schulte
University of Arkansas, stephanieschulte@gmail.com
Television & New Media
November 2008, Volume 9, No. 6
http://tvn.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/9/6/487
WarGames (1983), the first mass-consumed, visual representation of the internet, served as both a vehicle and framework for America's earliest discussion of the internet. WarGames presented the internet simultaneously as a high-tech toy for teenagers and a weapon for global destruction. In its wake, major news media focused on potential realities of the "WarGames Scenario." In response, Congress held hearings, screened WarGames, and produced the first internet-regulating legislation. WarGames engaged a "teenaged technology" discourse, which cast both internet technology itself and its users as rebellious teenagers in need of parental control. This discourse enabled policy makers to equate government internet regulation with parental guidance rather than with suppression of democracy and innovation, a crucial distinction within 1980s cold war context. Thus, this article historicizes the internet as a cultural text, examining how technology and its regulation shaped and were shaped by cultural representations.
Key Words: internet • film • politics • history • teenagers • WarGames
16-National media events
From displays of unity to enactments of division
Sabina Mihelj
Loughborough University, S.Mihelj@lboro.ac.uk
European Journal of Cultural Studies
November 2008, Volume 11, No. 4
http://ecs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/11/4/471
Despite the conspicuous presence of nationhood and nationalism in existing studies of media events and rituals, explicit conceptualizations of the link between these media phenomena and nationhood remain scarce. Drawing on existing literature and research on the topic, this article proposes to shift attention away from ceremonial occasions primarily aimed at celebrating national unity, towards the more distressing events and mobilization marathons enacting partition and instituting divisions among nations, ethnicities, cultures, races or religions. It provides a series of propositions regarding the involvement of media events in the transformation of audiences into nations, and discusses two categories of media rituals that are linked closely to contemporary forms of national mobilization: rituals of partition and mobilization marathons. Given the disentanglement of nations and states and the multi-ethnic nature of modern states and media spaces, such media occasions ought to receive more sustained attention in the future.
Key Words: identity • media events • media rituals • nation • national mobilization
20-Manipulating interactivity with thematically hyperlinked news texts: a media learning experiment
Mark Tremayne
University of Texas at Austin, USA, mtremayne@yahoo.com
New Media & Society
October 2008, Volume 10, No. 5
http://nms.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/10/5/703
This article concerns the influence of news presentation on the web. The study had two primary goals. The first was to test the effects of interactivity on learning, and the second was to explore the role of motivation in learning from interactive media. Hypotheses were tested using an experimental design. Study participants were assigned one of four web news stories with structures that encouraged varying degrees of interactivity. The results of hypothesis testing were heavily dependent on which measure of learning was employed. A traditional multiple-choice test of recognition verified an effect of motivation but not of interactive behaviour. A comprehension measure of learning, supported by the cognitive constructivism theory of learning employed in this study, supported an effect of interactive behaviour but not of motivation. Explanations for the findings are proposed and implications for mass communicators discussed.
Key Words: cognition • constructivism • interactivity • internet • journalism • learning • motivation • web
21-Untangling the technology cluster: mobile telephony, internet use and the location of social ties
Radhamany Sooryamoorthy
University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, sooryamoorthyr@ukzn.ac.za
B. Paige Miller
Louisiana State University, USA
Wesley Shrum
Louisiana State University, USA
New Media & Society
October 2008, Volume 10, No. 5
http://nms.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/10/5/729
Among the communication technologies introduced in the developing world during the past century, none has grown more rapidly than mobile telephony.Yet the impact of mobile phone use on social relationships has received limited systematic study. This article examines the factors associated with mobile phone usage in the south Indian state of Kerala and the social structural consequences of such usage, particularly the composition and location of the social ties maintained through mobile technologies. Bivariate analysis of mobile phone usage and network composition shows that frequent users have fewer local ties and more external ties than non-frequent users. However, these effects are due largely to the association of email and mobile phone use. The article shows that internet use increases, while mobile phone use decreases the geographical diversity of social ties. The implication is that mobile telephony and internet technologies may have different consequences for the globalization process.
Key Words: cellphone • email • ICTs • India • internet • Kerala • mobile phone • social networks
22-Globalization, nationality and commodification: the politics of the social construction of the internet
Derek Hrynyshyn
Department of Political Science, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada, derekh@cogeco.ca
New Media & Society
October 2008, Volume 10, No. 5
http://nms.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/10/5/751
Theories of the social construction of technology help to identify ways in which social forces can influence the development of communication media such as the internet, but often fail to pay sufficient attention to the ways that social structures constrain the agency of those who are most central to the social construction processes. This article examines some decisions concerning the domain name system of the internet and finds that such structural concerns add a needed dimension and can illuminate the power relations that help to shape the role of the internet in the tension between national and global structures of communications.
Key Words: capitalism • commercialization • domain name system • internet • social construction of technology • Tuvalu
23-Challenges of Multimedia Self-Presentation
Taking, and Mistaking, the Show on the Road
Mark Evan Nelson
National Institute of Education, Singapore, m_e_nelson@yahoo.com
Glynda A. Hull
University of California, Berkeley
Jeeva Roche-Smith
University of California, Berkeley
Written Communication
October 2008, Volume 25, No. 4
http://wcx.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/25/4/415
One privilege enjoyed by new-media authors is the opportunity to realize representations of Self that are rich textual worlds in themselves and also to engage the wider world, with a voice, a smile, imagery, and sound. Still, closer investigation of multimedia composition practices reveals levels of complexity with which the verbal virtuoso is unconcerned. This article argues that while technology-afforded multimedia tools make it comparatively easy to author a vivid text, it is a multiplicatively more complicated matter to vividly realize and publicize an authorial intention. Based on analysis of the digital story creation process of a youth named "Steven," the authors attempt to demonstrate the operation of two forces upon which the successful multimodal realization of the author's intention may hinge: "fixity" and "fluidity." The authors show how, within the process of digital self-representation, these forces can intersect to influence multimodal meaning making, and an author's life, in consequential ways.
Key Words: writing with new media • new literacies • multimodality • digital storytelling • youth media and identity • multimodal text analysis
24-Community and social interaction in the wireless city: wi-fi use in public and semi-public spaces
Keith N. Hampton
University of Pennsylvania, USA, khampton@asc.upenn.edu
Neeti Gupta
Microsoft, USA
New Media & Society
December 2008, Volume 10, No. 6
http://nms.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/10/6/831
A significant body of research has addressed whether fixed internet use increases, decreases or supplements the ways in which people engage in residential and workplace settings, but few studies have addressed how wireless internet use in public and semi-public spaces influences social life. Ubiquitous wi-fi adds a new dimension to the debate over how the internet may influence the structure of community.Will wireless internet use facilitate greater engagement with co-located others or encourage a form of 'public privatism'? This article reports the findings of an exploratory ethnographic study of how wi-fi was used and influenced social interactions in four different settings: paid and free wi-fi cafes in Boston, MA and Seattle,WA.This study found contrasting uses for wireless internet and competing implications for community.Two types of practices, typified in the behaviors of 'true mobiles' and 'placemakers', offer divergent futures for how wireless internet use may influence social relationships.
Key Words: community network • cafes • coffee shops • network • mobile computing • Muni wi-fi • parochial realm • privatism • social neworks • third places
25-Signs of meta-change in second modernity: the growth of e-sport and the World Cyber Games
Brett Hutchins
Monash University, Australia, Brett.Hutchins@arts.monash.edu.au
New Media & Society
December 2008, Volume 10, No. 6
http://nms.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/10/6/851
Media, communication and information flows now define the logic and structure of social relations, a situation that affects almost every dimension of cultural life and activity. This article analyses the transformation of the relationship between computer gaming, media and sport in the global age of 'second modernity'. This analysis is undertaken through a critical case study of the World Cyber Games (WCG). This popular event and the 'cyber-athletes' that compete in it cannot be explained fully by reference to existing studies of computer and video gaming, media and sport, media events or organized sporting competition. It is not possible to think in terms of sport and the media when considering the WCG and organized competitive gaming. This is sport as media or e-sport, a term that signifies the seamless interpenetration of media content, sport and networked information and communications technologies.
Key Words: computer games • cyber-athletes • e-sport • media • meta-change • second modernity • sociology • sport • Ulrich Beck • zombie categories
26-Getting up on the download: college students' motivations for acquiring music via the web
William Kinnally
University of Central Florida, wkinnall@mail.ucf.edu
Anamarcia Lacayo
Pennsylvania State University, USA
Steven McClung
University of Florida, USA
Barry Sapolsky
Florida State University, USA
New Media & Society
December 2008, Volume 10, No. 6
http://nms.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/10/6/893
The objective of this study is to understand the gratifications behind music downloading among college students, and examine how the gratifications along with music interest are associated with a variety of downloading-related activities.The results suggest that the process of downloading music files is an entertaining and convenient way to acquire music.The downloading motives were not linked significantly to filesharing (uploading as well as downloading music). However, entertainment/pass time, convenience/economic utility and information-seeking factors and experience were predictors of building a library of music on one's computer. Males reported having more songs stored in their computers than females and were more likely to burn compilation compact discs (CDs) with the music files they downloaded. Affinity for music was not associated significantly with any of the downloading activities examined, but was positively associated with CD purchasing.
Key Words: downloading • internet • mp3 filesharing • music and the world wide web • music copyright violation • music downloading • Napster • peer-to-peer filesharing
27-Exploring Implications of Perceived Media Reinforcement on Third-Person Perceptions
Mary Beth Oliver
Pennsylvania State University
Hyeseung Yang
Kyungsung University
Srividya Ramasubramanian
Texas A&M University
Jinhee Kim
Cleveland State University
Sangki Lee
Arkansas Tech University
Communication Research
December 2008, Volume 35, No. 6
http://crx.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/35/6/745
This research explores the idea that when making estimates of media influence on the self and others, individuals often assume reinforcement of existing attitudes rather than assume that media content necessarily creates or changes attitudes. Consequently, perceptions of favorable attitudes on an issue should result in judgments that media strengthen favorable attitudes, and perceptions of unfavorable attitudes should result in judgments that media strengthen unfavorable attitudes. Two studies were conducted: a survey concerning attitudes toward affirmative action in higher education, and an experiment concerning responses to news coverage and responses to media violence. Support for perceived media reinforcement was obtained for both news content and, to a lesser extent, for media violence. Results are discussed in terms of providing a framework for interpreting third-person perceptions.
Key Words: third-person perceptions • perceived media influence • reinforcement
فهرست مقالات مرتبط با تحليل گفتمان
1-Religious vehicle stickers in Nigeria: a discourse of identity, faith and social vision
Innocent Chiluwa
COVENANT UNIVERSITY, OTA, NIGERIA, innocentchiluwa@yahoo.co.uk
, ichiluwa@covenantuniversity.com
Discourse & Communication
November 2008, Volume 2, No. 4
http://dcm.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/2/4/371
This study focuses on analysing the ways in which vehicle stickers construct individual and group identities, people's religious faith and social vision in the context of religious assumptions and practices in Nigeria. Data comprise 73 vehicle stickers collected in Lagos and Ota, between 2006 and 2007 and are analysed within the framework of the post-structuralist model of discourse analysis which views discourse as a product of a complex system of social and institutional practices that sustain its continuous existence (Derrida, 1982; Fairclough, 1989, 1992, 1995; Foucault, 1972, 1981). Results show that through stickers people define their individual and group identities within religious institutional practices. And as a means of group identification, they guarantee social security and privileges. In constructing social vision the stickers help mould the individual aspiration about a future which transcends the present. Significantly, stickers in the data also reveal the tension between Islam and Christianity and the struggle to propagate one above the other.
Key Words: assumption • discourse • discursive • practices • religion • stickers
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Challenges of Multimedia Self-Presentation Taking, and Mistaking, the Show on the Road